Car Psychology: How Vehicles Transform Human Behaviour (A Neurodivergent Perspective)
Updated: Sep 27
“Red.” That was my son's only stipulation. He turns 17 soon, and we've decided to buy him a small car to learn to drive in. Like many boys his age, he had a strong passion for cars when he was younger, particularly supercars, and he could recite their stats by heart: top speed, 0-60 acceleration, horsepower, and purchase price. Given our budget and the high insurance costs for new drivers, we knew anything over a 1.0L engine would be out of the question.
“Manchester United Red,” he added. His first major passion was football. Too young to remember the Red Devils' Premier League domination, which ended with the retirement of Sir Alex Ferguson, he has only witnessed mediocre success. We had a clear idea of the car we wanted, having previously owned a Fiat 500 and then a souped-up Abarth 595, a 1.4L turbo petrol outputting 165bhp and a sports button that kicked in the turbo gauge and turned the dashboard in driving-mode with a g-meter to measure acceleration. After a short trip over the bridge from Bath to Newport in Wales, we picked up a Manchester United red Fiat 500 Dolcevita, a 1.0L petrol hybrid with an assisted 12V electric motor.
It was good to have a small car again, especially for navigating the narrow Georgian streets in Bath. However, I noticed a significant difference in how other road users reacted to me. Our usual family car is a white Land Rover Discovery Sport HSE, with a black full-length glass roof, 20” black alloys, and a 2.0L turbo diesel engine; a beast compared to the Fiat. Shortly after purchasing the 500, I took my usual cross-town trip to drop my son off at a sports club to play in a pool league with his team, a 30-minute round trip and part of the reason we want him to learn to drive.
The return journey was pleasant, with hard rock on the stereo complementing the beautiful sunny day. Heading downhill in a 30mph zone, I noticed a silver BMW 1 series approaching quickly. I held my breath and didn't react as the driver slowed within inches of my rear bumper. I could clearly see the late-twenties driver with slicked-back hair and oversized sunglasses. Sticking close to the speed limit, I continued into town. Whether intentional or not, my adherence to the rules of the road seemed to irritate the BMW driver, who began swerving on both sides, looking for a way past on one of the few wide Bathonian roads. Soon, we reached the roundabout under the Bath Spa train line, and unsurprisingly, the BMW driver floored it to undertake me, flying through the now 20mph zone into the heart of the pedestrian area.
When faced with aggression like this, people's reactions vary widely depending on their personalities. Some might shrink in fear and anxiety, while others might fill with rage and seek revenge. For me, the initial anger quickly gave way to curiosity. As an autistic person, I spent years masking before I understood and accepted who I am, hiding parts of myself just to fit in. Yet here was someone who, behind the wheel, had let go of something very different: basic consideration for everyone around him. Does this driver behave like this in public generally? Why do I only witness this behaviour when I drive a smaller car? There are some obvious answers, but I want to dig deeper. This curiosity is a big part of why I wanted to write this article. Let's "drive" in!
Why do people behave differently in cars?
To consider this question in detail it's worth dissecting an excellent article in the Guardian[1.] and referencing the research article on Wikipedia for Traffic Psychology[2.] and Road Rage[3.]:
The idea that poor driving is due solely to carelessness or a small group of “bad drivers” is overly simplistic. Research in traffic psychology shows that driving errors are influenced by a wide range of psychological and social factors that affect everyone, including skilled and experienced drivers.
Let's go through each area and examine the key reasons overlayed with a neurodivergent perspective:
Anonymity
When people are in cars, they feel a sense of anonymity and detachment from their surroundings. This can lead to behaviours they might not exhibit in face-to-face interactions because they feel less accountable for their actions.
I feel this article would not be complete without an obligatory mention of puddles; an opinion poll[6.] by Green Flag (part of Direct Line Group) in the UK, surveyed over 2000 people with 31% reporting to have been splashed by cars whilst walking. Perhaps worse, 1 in 3 car drivers[7.] admit to committing the act on purpose–London being a particular hotspot. The obvious explanation is anonymity: few drivers would throw a bucket of water over a stranger on the pavement. But a word of warning: it can be considered a crime in the UK.
Is soaking a pedestrian with rainwater a crime?[8.] Drenching a pedestrian by zooming through a puddle near a pavement is not only terrible manners, it is also potentially a criminal offence.
The same law, which makes driving without due care or attention a crime also stipulates that it is an offence to drive "without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place". The law calls this "inconsiderate" driving, and it applies to how motorists interact with pedestrians as well as other road users.
Personality
Anonymity lowers the stakes, but personality[4.] plays a critical role in shaping driving behaviour, particularly among young drivers, by acting as an indirect factor that influences accidents and violations through its impact on driving habits.
Quoting from the BBC Focus article: "How to change your personality, according to a cognitive neuroscientist[5]": Your personality reflects your habits of thought, behaviour and emotions as they play out over the longer term. It’s distinct from moods or emotional states that vary over shorter timescales of minutes or hours. The five main trait dimensions are:
Openness to experience: how willing you are to try new things.
Conscientiousness: how self-disciplined and ambitious.
Extraversion: how sociable and drawn to reward you are.
Agreeableness: how friendly and trusting you are.
Neuroticism: how anxious and emotionally sensitive you are.
Openness to experience for driving can be expressed as sensation seeking i.e. the desire for novel, varied, and intense experiences; resulting in taking greater risks such as speeding, reckless manoeuvres, and driving under the influence of alcohol. This trait, which is particularly prominent in young males[4.], fuels a willingness to take risks for thrill or peer approval, significantly increasing the likelihood of accidents.
Impulsivity, relating to the balance of conscientiousness and neuroticism, further contributes to dangerous driving, as it reflects a tendency to act without fully considering potential consequences. Impulsive drivers often struggle to adhere to traffic rules, underestimate hazards, and display a diminished ability to process and react to traffic signals. These tendencies make them more prone to collisions and violations.
On a positive note, pro-social personality traits such as conscientiousness and agreeableness become more pronounced as individuals mature, contributing to safer driving tendency.
Gender
Gender also plays a significant role, with men displaying higher levels of sensation seeking and impulsivity than women, which helps explain their disproportionate involvement in accidents[9.] and why car insurance was historically cheaper for women (until gender-based pricing was banned in the UK in 2012). Women also tend to be more sensitive to punishment, leading to more cautious driving. Unfortunately women are more likely than men to be killed or injured in crashes of similar severity[10.] due to safety-related technology in cars being mainly designed around the male physique. This inequality is discussed further in Caroline Criado Perez's book: "Invisible Women"[11.].
Perceived Competition and Vehicle Status
Driving often feels like a competitive display of status, where individuals vie for space and dominance on the road. This dynamic can amplify aggressive behaviours and create a heightened sense of urgency, influenced by perceived social hierarchies and the vehicle's perceived value.
A study[12.] conducted at a small public liberal arts university in North Dakota investigated how competition and vehicle status influence driver aggression in real-world scenarios. Male and female students participated in the experiment, where they were provoked by an “actor driver” in either a high-status or low-status vehicle at a stop sign. The provocation involved honking and aggressive gestures, with participants' responses measured afterward, including acceleration rates, vocal aggression duration, nonverbal gestures, and horn-honking intensity. The study found that participants displayed more aggressive behaviours when provoked by a driver in a low-status vehicle compared to a high-status vehicle.
Low-status can also apply to learner drivers[13.] who are often met with anger whilst high-status vehicles like ambulances are more respected. Quoting from Wikipedia on Road Rage[3.]:
Common targets of road rage are driving instructors and learner drivers; as these road users tend to follow road regulations very closely, with learners prone to making more mistakes, they are often antagonized by aggressive drivers. In 2019, a survey by British insurance provider Young Marmalade found that 77% of driving instructors face regular abuse and intimidation from other road users while teaching students, and that 8% of learner drivers have abandoned learning to drive as a result of road rage they have experienced.
Taxi drivers perhaps blur the lines depending on the culture such as the high-status black cab (Hackney carriage[14.]) drivers receive in London, who spend up to three years extensively learning the city routes known as "The Knowledge"[15.].
"The shortest unit of time in the multiverse is the New York Second, defined as the period of time between the traffic lights turning green and the cab behind you honking.” - Terry Pratchett
In contrast, another report[16.] focused on the behaviour of drivers in high-status vehicles (such as the BMW featured in our opening example). At a designated crosswalk, drivers of expensive cars were significantly more likely to ignore pedestrians’ right of way than those driving low-value vehicles. Notably, none of the drivers in “beater cars” failed to stop for pedestrians. The study also revealed that male drivers were less likely to yield to pedestrians, and all drivers were more likely to stop for female pedestrians than male ones.
“One of the most significant trends was that fancy cars were less likely to stop. BMW drivers were the worst.” - Paul K. Piff, a researcher at the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley.
These findings underscore the complex relationship between vehicle status, competition, and aggression, revealing how road dynamics can amplify behaviours tied to social hierarchies and personal tendencies.
Cognitive biases
Drivers often overestimate their own skills and underestimate the risks of certain behaviours, leading to overconfidence and potentially dangerous actions. Perhaps unsurprisingly, around 80% of drivers consider themselves better than average[17.], which is statistically impossible. This is known as the better-than-average effect, or illusory superiority.
A related idea is the Dunning-Kruger effect[18.]. Acquiring a skill involves learning to tell good performance from bad, so people with less skill often lack the expertise to recognise the gap between their performance and other people's, and overestimate their ability as a result. At the other end of the scale, highly competent people often underestimate theirs. This can be compounded by the fundamental attribution error[19.]: we tend to blame other people's mistakes on their character, and our own on the situation.
An example is where many people drive when they are under time pressure or stress, which can exacerbate aggressive or impatient behaviours, take the following example story:
Emma’s phone rings, and she learns her child has had an accident at school and has been rushed to the hospital. Panicked, she jumps into her car and heads toward the hospital, avoiding traffic by using a bus-only lane. Emma justifies her actions, thinking, "This is an emergency, my child needs me. I’ll explain if I get pulled over."
On the same road, another driver, David, notices Emma’s erratic behaviour and feels irritated as she undertakes him. From his perspective, her driving seems selfish and careless. He mutters, "Some people think the rules don’t apply to them."
Here, Emma sees her actions as unavoidable and situational; driven by the urgency to reach her child. David, lacking context, attributes her behaviour to personality flaws or a lack of consideration for others. This scenario underscores how attribution errors can lead to misunderstandings on the road, especially in high-stress situations. As a final reflection, the emotional state of a driver, such as Emma, can significantly impact their behaviour. Stress, anger, and frustration from daily life can be amplified while driving, leading to more erratic or aggressive actions.
Isolation
The physical separation between drivers creates a psychological distance, making it easier for individuals to dehumanise others on the road. This often leads to behaviours like cutting off other drivers or exhibiting road rage; actions they might avoid in face-to-face interactions. Consider the earlier example of cars failing to stop at a pedestrian crossing. In a similar situation, such as entering a building, a person is far more likely to hold the door open for someone approaching behind them, emphasising how direct human interaction fosters courtesy.
A similar factor is in a car, drivers can't use the full range of social cues (like facial expressions and body language) to communicate with others. This can lead to misunderstandings and frustrations that might not occur in more direct forms of communication.
Information overload
The need to constantly process information and make quick decisions can overwhelm some drivers, resulting in frustration and impulsive behaviours. An obvious level of distraction is road signs explained in a research summary from the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents (RoSPA)[20.]:
Research shows that inadequate and poorly maintained road signs and markings are often cited as a significant contributing factor to RTIs (Road Traffic Incidents). Approximately 30 per cent of drivers involved in an RTI report some sort of distraction. Around a third of these RTIs are thought to be caused by external distractions. This includes signs, signals, billboards and commercial signs. Distraction can also be caused by looking for a sign that may be missing. Therefore, continuity of directional signing is important.
Young (aged 17-21) drivers are particularly prone to external-to-vehicle driver distraction caused by signs. The risk factor associated with sign clutter is also shown to be highest at junctions and on long monotonous roads (such as motorways).
There is increasing interest and research into traffic management schemes aimed at simplifying the road environment, through methods such as the removal of unnecessary signs to reduce complexity and driver confusion. However, too few signs and markings can cause driver confusion, poor traffic management and inappropriate speeding. Conversely, too many signs and markings are thought to cause cluttering and mental overload. Poorly designed and placed signs and their over-provision detract from the environment, and affect road safety by distracting the road user.
This is further compounded by roadside advertising and the growing use of video billboards. A driving simulator study using eye tracking found these can pull drivers' attention from the road, so their use and placement need careful consideration[21.].
Neurodivergent Reflection on Driving
If you are neurodivergent or have an awareness of neurodivergence then I'm sure you were considering how the common traits would affect driving behaviour. Let's examine each type in turn bearing in mind many are co-occurring, have common traits and no individual is alike. We all have personalities too!
ADHD
Impulsivity came up earlier as a personality trait found across the whole driving population, and it isn't unique to ADHD. Not every ADHD driver is impulsive behind the wheel, and most impulsive drivers don't have ADHD.
A 2017 review[22.] analysing multiple studies concluded: "There is convincing evidence that adolescents and adults with ADHD have different and adverse driving outcomes than individuals without the condition. An increased number of accidents and speeding violations appear to be the most robust driving difficulties in ADHD." Researchers suggest possible reasons, including differences in attention, executive function when making quick decisions, and dopamine regulation, which can make stimulation and novelty more rewarding.
The paper explored through self-reports, official driving records, driving simulators, and on-road assessments the effects of pharmacological treatment of ADHD, showing improvement of driving performance (reductions in collisions, speeding, and other risky behaviours), although the effects are complex and subject to several limitations, not to mention taking medication is a personal choice. These findings suggest that the effects of ADHD medication on driving behaviour may differ by gender, with men showing more consistent benefits from pharmacological treatment in reducing accident risk. However, the reasons for these differences remain unclear and require further exploration.
It's worth remembering that research tends to measure risk, not the whole picture. Averages can hide wide variation, and many ADHD drivers are safe and confident. Some find that the constant stimulation of driving, which demands attention every second, suits them better than long periods of inactivity, and that interest-driven focus can make them highly alert behind the wheel. Practical strategies help too: limiting in-car distractions, planning routes in advance, avoiding long monotonous stretches, and building in breaks. As with any neurotype, understanding your own patterns is the first step to driving well.
Autism
A study[23.] examined the driving experiences, difficulties, and perceptions of 78 autistic and 98 non-autistic individuals in relation to autistic traits. Fewer autistic individuals held a driving licence compared to their non-autistic counterparts, with many starting driving lessons but discontinuing before obtaining a licence. Autistic respondents reported challenges in several aspects of driving, including decision-making, multitasking, understanding complex traffic situations, and interacting with other road users.
An earlier online survey[24.] of 123 parents and caregivers of autistic individuals reached similar conclusions, reinforcing these findings.
The survey focused on parental concerns about their son or daughter driving. They reported that around 70% of parents felt that autism had negatively impacted their son or daughter’s driving and a similar proportion were worried about their child driving. The survey also asked parents to rate the impact they felt that certain characteristics of autism had on their child’s driving, finding that multitasking, attention, and understanding non-verbal communication were perceived as the areas most likely to influence driving.
Interestingly, how autistic people rate their own driving doesn't always match how they actually drive. A large US study[33.] followed 486 autistic and nearly 71,000 non-autistic young drivers in New Jersey through their first four years on the road. The autistic drivers had similar or lower crash rates, fewer moving violations, and fewer licence suspensions. They were half as likely to crash because of speeding, though more likely to crash when turning or failing to give way, which may reflect differences in processing speed and visual scanning. In other words, once licensed, many autistic drivers are at least as safe as their peers. Many also bring their unique strengths to driving, such as a strong focus on following rules and regulations, which reduces the likelihood of risky or impulsive behaviour. Their ability to concentrate deeply in structured environments helps them stay attentive while driving, and their cautious, methodical approach leads to predictable and safe driving patterns.
Autistic individuals often approach driving with thorough preparation, practising routes and familiarising themselves with procedures to build confidence and reduce uncertainties. However, societal perceptions and misconceptions about their driving abilities can undermine their confidence and influence their decisions to continue driving. Articles frequently titled "Can autistic people drive?" or "Is it legal for autistic people to drive?" often perpetuate myths and stigmas, further compounded by debates on the legal requirement to disclose an autism diagnosis. This issue was highlighted in the Guardian article: "Autistic people angry at having to disclose diagnosis to DVLA even if driving not affected" [25.].
Following the backlash, the DVLA clarified its guidance. Today, autistic people only need to tell the DVLA if being autistic affects their ability to drive safely[34.]. If it doesn't, there's nothing to declare. That's an important distinction. An autism diagnosis on its own says nothing about whether someone can drive, and many autistic drivers never need to contact the DVLA at all.
Dyslexia
Unlike ADHD and autism, there is little research on dyslexia and driving, despite dyslexia being one of the most common forms of neurodivergence. The closest evidence comes from a 2016 study[26.] of young adults with developmental language disorder (DLD), which often overlaps with dyslexia and shares many of the same reading and processing difficulties. It found they were much less likely to hold a full driving licence than their peers: 43% compared with 75%. The theory test was a key barrier, and participants reported struggling with:
Reading Instructions: Difficulty reading and understanding the instructions.
Reading Questions: Trouble reading and comprehending the test questions.
Time Limits: The time constraints of the test posed additional pressure.
Hazard Perception: Difficulty with the hazard perception component of the test.
Remembering Information: Trouble retaining information needed to answer the questions.
Understanding Questions: Challenges with the phrasing of questions.
Despite these difficulties, once participants reached the practical test, their pass rate was similar to their peers'. The study also found that poorer language and independence scores at age 17 were predictors of a lower likelihood of having a driving licence by age 24. Dyslexia UK[27.] describes similar barriers for dyslexic learners, adding difficulty reading the road and the slower information processing that comes with it.
Dyspraxia (also known as developmental coordination disorder, or DCD)
As with other forms of neurodivergence, fewer dyspraxic people drive than their non-dyspraxic peers[28.]. Those who do drive took longer on average to pass their test, and rate their own driving ability as below average.
A 2021 driving simulator study[28.] predicted that, because of differences in motor coordination, spatial awareness, reaction times and multitasking[29.], dyspraxic drivers would drive more slowly, position themselves less appropriately on the road, make more steering adjustments and have more collisions, especially when there was more to take in. The main hypothesis was not fully supported, but there were some differences. For example, dyspraxic drivers drove more slowly past parked cars and veered towards oncoming vehicles when passing through narrow gaps, suggesting they managed risk differently from non-dyspraxic drivers. This may be linked to visual-motor integration, where steering follows where the eyes are looking, or to postural control, where keeping the body and gaze steady takes more effort.
The picture is more encouraging than it first appears. In many scenarios, dyspraxic drivers performed similarly to their peers, even though they tend to rate their own ability as below average. That is the reverse of the 80% of drivers who think they're better than average. Dyspraxic drivers often compensate in ways that support safe driving, such as extra lessons, practising routes, choosing automatic cars, and leaving more space and time. Taking longer to pass a test says little about the kind of driver someone becomes.
Helping Neurodivergent Individuals Learn to Drive
I won't overplay this section as there are plenty of excellent websites offering advice, perhaps the most comprehensive is: "All About Driving with Autism"[30.]. Here is my summary from this site and many more from scouring the internet:
Before Lessons
Understand Your Needs: Identify your learning style and sensory sensitivities (e.g., light, noise).
Find the Right Instructor: Look for someone patient and experienced with neurodivergent learners or discuss early on with your instructor your needs and agree on a plan.
Learn Basics First: Use videos or driver books to familiarise yourself with road rules and signs.
Simulate Driving: Practise coordination and spatial awareness with simulators or games. A 10-week programme[31.] combined group sessions on executive functioning and emotion regulation with driving simulator practice for autistic participants. Of those who enrolled, 81% (19 people) completed the course: 100% reported satisfaction with improved attitudes, fewer driving errors, and positive driving thoughts. Afterwards, 47% obtained a learner's permit or licence within two months.
During Lessons
Start Small: Begin with short sessions in quiet areas, such as supermarket or Park&Ride carparks and focus on one skill at a time.
Use Visual Aids: Mark key points on the dashboard to help with alignment on road and for manoeuvres.
Request Clear Instructions: Ask for step-by-step guidance and confirm understanding before starting.
Manage Overload: Take agreed breaks if it becomes overwhelming and learn to recognise the patterns when this occurs.
After Lessons
Reflect and Practice: Review what you learned, write down key points, and practise with a trusted person.
Track Progress: Note improvements and focus on areas needing work. No need to rush and show patience celebrating the positives when they happen.
Seek Accommodations: Check if extra time or modified theory test conditions are available.
Managing Challenges
Stay Focused: Use reminders to check mirrors and road signs; practise mindfulness to avoid zoning out.
Accept Mistakes: Treat errors as learning opportunities and focus on progress.
Consider Automatic Gearbox Cars: Learning in an automatic removes gear changes and clutch control, which can significantly reduce cognitive load. The trade-off is that in the UK, passing your test in an automatic only allows you to drive automatics. As the future is electric, and electric cars are all automatic, this matters less every year.
With patience and consistent practice, neurodivergent people can become confident drivers. Celebrate each milestone as you achieve it!
Conclusion
Driving is far more than a physical activity; it’s a dynamic interplay of psychology, culture, and individual differences. Our behaviours behind the wheel are shaped by personality traits, perceived anonymity, and social hierarchies, as well as cognitive biases and information overload.
For neurodivergent individuals, these influences are compounded by unique traits that can simultaneously pose challenges and offer strengths. While some neurodivergent drivers may struggle with impulsivity, information overload, or multitasking, others excel through rule-following, focus, and methodical preparation.
The dynamics of driving reveal much about human behaviour, from the way we react to provocation on the road to how societal attitudes shape our perceptions of others. Understanding the psychology behind driving is not just an academic exercise; it has real-world implications for improving road safety, fostering empathy, and creating systems that accommodate a diversity of needs.
As a parent teaching my son to drive in his Manchester United-red Fiat 500, I see the road full of challenges, lessons, and opportunities for growth. Whether it’s navigating aggression from BMW drivers or teaching the value of patience and responsibility, driving reflects the complexities of human interaction.
Ultimately, this journey highlights a universal truth: the way we drive is often a truer reflection of ourselves. I began this article struck by the contrast between the years I spent masking to fit in and a driver who had let go of basic consideration for others. Being yourself and disregarding others are not the same thing. Nobody should have to hide who they are to be accepted, but consideration for others is something we all owe each other, on the road and off it. By better understanding the forces that shape our actions behind the wheel, we can become not only safer drivers but also more empathetic people. Let's strive for a road culture where respect, understanding and inclusivity for all can take the driver's seat.
Bonus Extra
According to one study[32.], people who customise their cars with stickers and other adornments are more prone to road rage. In the study, the number of territory markers predicted road rage better than did vehicle value or condition. Only the number of bumper stickers, not their content, predicted road rage. Or on the other hand:
As acknowledged by the researchers, these findings were correlational (so it's possible some other factor such as "hostility" predicts both love for stickers and aggressive driving).
As a final, final addition, my boss spotted this car after reading my article. Alongside a jokey bumper sticker is a small "Please be patient, I am autistic" sign, and it left me wondering: does telling other drivers you're autistic buy you patience, or, like the L-plates on a learner's car, does it mark you out as a target?
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