Car Psychology: How Vehicles Transform Human Behaviour (A Neurodivergent Perspective)

“Red.” That was my son's only stipulation. He turns 17 soon, and we've decided to buy him a small car to learn to drive in. Like many boys his age, he had a strong passion for cars when he was younger, particularly supercars, and he could recite their stats by heart: top speed, 0-60 acceleration, horsepower, and purchase price. Given our budget and the high insurance costs for new drivers, we knew anything over a 1.0L engine would be out of the question.

“Manchester United Red,” he added. His first major passion was football. Born just after the Red Devils' Premier League domination ended with the retirement of Sir Alex Ferguson, he has only witnessed mediocre success. We had a clear idea of the car we wanted, having previously owned a Fiat 500 and then a souped-up Abarth 595 - a 1.4L turbo petrol  outputting 165bhp and a sports button that kicked in the turbo gauge and turned the dashboard in driving-mode with a g-metre to measure acceleration. After a short trip over the bridge from Bath to Newport in Wales, we picked up a Manchester United red Fiat 500 Dolcevita, a 1.0L petrol hybrid with an assisted 12V electric motor.

It was good to have a small car again, especially for navigating the narrow Georgian streets in Bath. However, I noticed a significant difference in how other road users reacted to me. Our usual family car is a white Land Rover Discovery Sport HSE, with a black full-length glass roof, 20” black alloys, and a 2.0L turbo diesel engine—a beast compared to the Fiat. Shortly after purchasing the 500, I took my usual cross-town trip to drop my son off at a sports club to play in a pool league with his team, a 30-minute round trip and part of the reason we want him to learn to drive.

The return journey was pleasant, with hard rock on the stereo complementing the beautiful sunny day. Heading downhill in a 30mph zone, I noticed a silver BMW 5 series approaching quickly. I held my breath and didn't react as the driver slowed within inches of my rear bumper. I could clearly see the late-twenties driver with slicked-back hair and oversized sunglasses. Sticking close to the speed limit, I continued into town. Whether intentional or not, my adherence to the rules of the road seemed to irritate the BMW driver, who began swerving on both sides, looking for a way past on one of the few wide Bathonian roads. Soon, we reached the roundabout under the Bath Spa train line, and unsurprisingly, the BMW driver floored it to undertake me, flying through the now 20mph zone into the heart of the pedestrian area.

When faced with aggression like this, people's reactions vary widely, depending on their personalities. Some might shrink in fear and anxiety, while others might fill with rage and seek revenge. For me, initial anger quickly subsided and gave way to curiosity about the psychology of driving, leaving me with many unanswered questions. Does this driver behave like this in public generally? Why do I only witness this behaviour when I drive a smaller car? There are some obvious answers, but I want to dig deeper. This curiosity is a big part of why I wanted to write this article. Let's "drive" in!

Why do people behave differently in cars?

To consider this question in detail it's worth dissecting an excellent article in the Guardian[1.] and referencing the research article on Wikipedia for Traffic Psychology[2.] and Road Rage[3.]"

The idea that poor driving is due solely to carelessness or a small group of “bad drivers” is overly simplistic. Research in traffic psychology shows that driving errors are influenced by a wide range of psychological and social factors that affect everyone, including skilled and experienced drivers.

Let's go through each area and examine the key reasons overlayed with a neurodivergent perspective:

Anonymity

When people are in cars, they feel a sense of anonymity and detachment from their surroundings. This can lead to behaviours they might not exhibit in face-to-face interactions because they feel less accountable for their actions. In these circumstances its personality[4.] that plays the critical role in shaping driving behaviour, particularly among young drivers, by acting as an indirect factor that influences accidents and violations through its impact on driving habits.

Quoting from the BBC Focus article: "How to change your personality, according to a cognitive neuroscientist[5]": Your personality reflects your habits of thought, behaviour and emotions as they play out over the longer term. It’s distinct from moods or emotional states that vary over shorter timescales of minutes or hours. The five main trait dimensions are:

• Openness to experience: how willing you are to try new things.

• Conscientiousness: how self-disciplined and ambitious.

• Extraversion: how sociable and drawn to reward you are.

• Agreeability: how friendly and trusting you are.

• Neuroticism: how anxious and emotionally sensitive you are.

Openness to experience for driving can be expressed as sensation seeking i.e. the desire for novel, varied, and intense experiences; resulting in taking greater risks such as speeding, reckless manoeuvres, and driving under the influence of alcohol. This trait, which is particularly prominent in young males[4.], fuels a willingness to take risks for thrill or peer approval, significantly increasing the likelihood of accidents.

Impulsivity, relating to the balance of conscientiousness and neuroticism, further contributes to dangerous driving, as it reflects a tendency to act without fully considering potential consequences. Impulsive drivers often struggle to adhere to traffic rules, underestimate hazards, and display a diminished ability to process and react to traffic signals. These tendencies make them more prone to collisions and violations.

I feel this article would not be complete without an obligatory mention to puddles; an opinion poll[6.] by Green Flag in the UK, surveyed over 2000 people with 31% reporting to have been splashed by cars whilst walking. Perhaps even worst is 1 in 3 car drivers[7.] admit to committing the act on purpose–London being a particular hotspot. The obvious reason are impulsivity and anonymity but a word warning that it can be considered a crime in the UK.

Is soaking a pedestrian with rainwater a crime?[8.] Drenching a pedestrian by zooming through a puddle near a pavement is not only terrible manners, it is also potentially a criminal offence.

The same law, external which makes driving without due care or attention a crime also stipulates that it is an offence to drive "without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place". The law calls this "inconsiderate" driving, and it applies to how motorists interact with pedestrians as well as other road users.

On a positive note, pro-social personality traits such as conscientiousness and agreeability become more pronounced as individuals mature, contributing to safer driving tendency.

Gender also plays a significant role, with men displaying higher levels of sensation seeking and impulsivity compared to women, which helps explains their disproportionate involvement in accidents[9.] and why car insurance is lower for women who also tend to exhibit greater sensitivity to punishment, leading to more cautious driving behaviours. Unfortunately women are more likely than men to be killed or injured in crashes of similar severity[10.] due to safety-related technology in cars being mainly design around the male physique, this aspect of inequality is discussed further in Caroline Criado Perez book: "Invisible Women"[11.].

Perceived Competition and Vehicle Status

Driving often feels like a competitive display of status, where individuals vie for space and dominance on the road. This dynamic can amplify aggressive behaviours and create a heightened sense of urgency, influenced by perceived social hierarchies and the vehicle's perceived value.

A study[12.] conducted at a small public liberal arts university in North Dakota investigated how competition and vehicle status influence driver aggression in real-world scenarios. Male and female students participated in the experiment, where they were provoked by an “actor driver” in either a high-status or low-status vehicle at a stop sign. The provocation involved honking and aggressive gestures, with participants' responses measured afterward, including acceleration rates, vocal aggression duration, nonverbal gestures, and horn-honking intensity. The study found that participants displayed more aggressive behaviours when provoked by a driver in a low-status vehicle compared to a high-status vehicle.

Low-status can also apply to learner drivers[13.] who are often met with anger whilst high-status vehicles like ambulances are more respected. Quoting from Wikipedia on Road Rage[3.]:

Common targets of road rage are driving instructors and learner drivers; as these road users tend to follow road regulations very closely, with learners prone to making more mistakes, they are often antagonized by aggressive drivers. In 2019, a survey by British insurance provider Young Marmalade found that 77% of driving instructors face regular abuse and intimidation from other road users while teaching students, and that 8% of learner drivers have abandoned learning to drive as a result of road rage they have experienced.

Taxi driver perhaps blur the lines depending on the culture such as the high-status black cab (Hackney carriage[14.]) drivers receive in London, who spend up to three years extensively learning the city routes known as "The Knowledge"[15.].

"The shortest unit of time in the multiverse is the New York Second, defined as the period of time between the traffic lights turning green and the cab behind you honking.” - Terry Pratchett

In contrast, another report[16.] focused on the behaviour of drivers in high-status vehicles (such as the BMW featured in our opening example). At a designated crosswalk, drivers of expensive cars were significantly more likely to ignore pedestrians’ right of way than those driving low-value vehicles. Notably, none of the drivers in “beater cars” failed to stop for pedestrians. The study also revealed that male drivers were less likely to yield to pedestrians, and all drivers were more likely to stop for female pedestrians than male ones.

“One of the most significant trends was that fancy cars were less likely to stop. BMW drivers were the worst.” - Paul K. Piff, a researcher at the Institute of Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley.

These findings underscore the complex relationship between vehicle status, competition, and aggression, revealing how road dynamics can amplify behaviours tied to social hierarchies and personal tendencies.

Cognitive biases

Drivers often overestimate their own skills and underestimate the risks involved in certain behaviours, leading to overconfidence and potentially dangerous actions. Perhaps unsurprisingly 80% of drivers consider themselves to be better then average[17.]. This phenomena is known as the Dunning-Kruger effects and also includes highly competent individuals underestimating their ability.

One explanation, paraphrasing from Wikipedia[18.]: Acquiring a skill involves learning to distinguish good from bad performance. Low-skill individuals often overestimate their abilities because they lack the expertise to recognise the gap between their performance and that of others; leading them to believe that they are better than they actually are. This effect can be compounded by the tendency to attribute mistakes of others to their ability and our own mistake to the situation[19.].

An example is where many people drive when they are under time pressure or stress, which can exacerbate aggressive or impatient behaviours, take the following example story:

Emma’s phone rings, and she learns her child has had an accident at school and has been rushed to the hospital. Panicked, she jumps into her car and heads toward the hospital, avoiding traffic by using a bus-only lane. Emma justifies her actions, thinking, "This is an emergency—my child needs me. I’ll explain if I get pulled over."

On the same road, another driver, David, notices Emma’s erratic behaviour and feels irritated as she undertakes him. From his perspective, her driving seems selfish and careless. He mutters, "Some people think the rules don’t apply to them."

Here, Emma sees her actions as unavoidable and situational; driven by the urgency to reach her child. David, lacking context, attributes her behaviour to personality flaws or a lack of consideration for others. This scenario underscores how attribution errors can lead to misunderstandings on the road, especially in high-stress situations. Aa final reflection, the emotional state of a driver, such as Emma, can significantly impact their behaviour. Stress, anger, and frustration from daily life can be amplified while driving, leading to more erratic or aggressive actions.

Isolation

The physical separation between drivers creates a psychological distance, making it easier for individuals to dehumanise others on the road. This often leads to behaviours like cutting off other drivers or exhibiting road rage—actions they might avoid in face-to-face interactions. Consider the earlier example of cars failing to stop at a pedestrian crossing. In a similar situation, such as entering a building, a person is far more likely to hold the door open for someone approaching behind them, emphasising how direct human interaction fosters courtesy.

A similar factor is in a car, drivers can't use the full range of social cues (like facial expressions and body language) to communicate with others. This can lead to misunderstandings and frustrations that might not occur in more direct forms of communication.

Sensory overload

The need to constantly process information and make quick decisions can overwhelm some drivers, resulting in frustration and impulsive behaviours. An obvious level of distraction is road signs explained by a 2017 article from the Royal Society for Presentation of Accidents[20.]:

Research shows that inadequate and poorly maintained road signs and markings are often cited as a significant contributing factor to RTIs (Road Traffic Incidents). Approximately 30 per cent of drivers involved in an RTI report some sort of distraction. Around a third of these RTIs are thought to be caused by external distractions. This includes signs, signals, billboards and commercial signs. Distraction can also be caused by looking for a sign that may be missing. Therefore, continuity of directional signing is important.

Young (aged 17-21) drivers are particularly prone to external-to-vehicle driver distraction caused by signs. The risk factor associated with sign clutter is also shown to be highest at junctions and on long monotonous roads (such as motorways).

There is increasing interest and research into traffic management schemes aimed at simplifying the road environment, through methods such as the removal of unnecessary signs to reduce complexity and driver confusion. However, too few signs and markings can cause driver confusion, poor traffic management and inappropriate speeding. Conversely, too many signs and markings are thought to cause cluttering and mental overload. Poorly designed and placed signs and their over-provision detract from the environment, and affect road safety by distracting the road user.

This further compounded with roadside advertising and the increasing use of video billboards which should necessitate careful consideration for their use and placement[21.].

Neurodivergent Reflection on Driving

If you are neurodivergent or have an awareness of neurodivergence then I'm sure you were considering how the common traits would affect driving behaviour. Let' examine each type in turn bearing in mind many are co-occuring, have common trait and no individual is alike–we all have personalities too!

ADHD 

A 2015 research paper[22.] analysing multiple studies concluded: There is convincing evidence that adolescents and adults with ADHD have different and adverse driving outcomes than individuals without the condition. An increased number of accidents and speeding violations appear to be the most robust driving difficulties in ADHD. Potential reason exist from inattentive behaviour, executive dysfunction in making decisions and increase dopamine disregulation rewarding thrill-seeking and impulsive behaviour.

The paper explored through self-reports, official driving records, driving simulators, and on-road assessments the effects of pharmacological treatment of ADHD, showing o improvement of driving performance (reductions in collisions, speeding, and other risky behaviours), although the effects are complex and subject to several limitations, not to mention taking medication is a personal choice. These findings suggest that the effects of ADHD medication on driving behaviour may differ by gender, with men showing more consistent benefits from pharmacological treatment in reducing accident risk. However, the reasons for these differences remain unclear and require further exploration.

Autism

A study[23.] examined the driving experiences, difficulties, and perceptions of 78 autistic and 98 non-autistic individuals in relation to autistic traits. Fewer autistic individuals held a driving license compared to their non-autistic counterparts, with many starting driving lessons but discontinuing before obtaining a license. Autistic respondents reported challenges in several aspects of driving, including decision-making, multitasking, understanding complex traffic situations, and interacting with other road users.

An earlier online survey[24.] of 123 parents and caregivers of autistic individuals reached similar conclusions, reinforcing these findings.

The survey focused on parental concerns about their son or daughter driving. They reported that around 70% of parents felt that autism had negatively impacted their son or daughter’s driving and a similar proportion were worried about their child driving. The survey also asked parents to rate the impact they felt that certain characteristics of autism had on their child’s driving, finding that multitasking, attention, and understanding non-verbal communication were perceived as the areas most likely to influence driving.

Interestingly, the first study makes the valuable observation that while autistic drivers often perceive themselves as facing greater difficulties, their actual driving performance does not always significantly differ from non-autistic drivers. In reality autistic individuals often bring their unique strengths to driving, such as a strong focus on following rules and regulations, which reduces the likelihood of risky or impulsive behaviour. Their ability to concentrate deeply in structured environments helps them stay attentive while driving, and their cautious, methodical approach leads to predictable and safe driving patterns.

Autistic individuals often approach driving with thorough preparation, practicing routes and familiarising themselves with procedures to build confidence and reduce uncertainties. However, societal perceptions and misconceptions about their driving abilities can undermine their confidence and influence their decisions to continue driving. Articles frequently titled "Can autistic people drive?" or "Is it legal for autistic people to drive?" often perpetuate myths and stigmas, further compounded by debates on the legal requirement to disclose an autism diagnosis. This issue was highlighted in the Guardian article: "Autistic people angry at having to disclose diagnosis to DVLA even if driving not affected" [25.].

Dyslexia

Unlike ADHD and Autism, there is little research on dyslexia and driving despite dyslexia being one of the most common of the neurodivergence. Analysing a 2016 paper[26.] on driving-related experiences of young dyslexic adults found that they are less likely to obtain a driving licence compared to their peers without dyslexia. Specifically, only 43% of dyslexics had a full driving licence, compared to 75% of those without. A key challenge for dyslexic individuals is the theory test, where many struggle due to language and information processing difficulties. Dyslexic participants reported several specific struggles, including:

• Reading Instructions: Difficulty reading and understanding the instructions.

• Reading Questions: Trouble reading and comprehending the test questions.

• Time Limits: The time constraints of the test posed additional pressure.

• Hazard Perception: Difficulty with the hazard perception component of the test.

• Remembering Information: Trouble retaining information needed to answer the questions.

• Understanding Questions: Challenges with the phrasing of questions.

Despite these difficulties, once dyslexic participants reached the practical test, their pass rate was similar to their peers without dyslexia. The study also found that poorer language and independence scores at age 17 were predictors of a lower likelihood of having a driving licence by age 24. The website Dyslexia and learning to drive (Dyslexia UK)[27.] continues the discourse adding difficultly in reading roads and the associated slower processing of information

Dyspraxia

Similar to other neurodivergent condition, fewer dyspraxic individuals drive compared to their neurotypical counterparts[28.], for those that do drive they on average took longer to pass their test and self-report lower than average driving ability–note the comparison to the 80% of he general population reporting above-average!

A recent study[26.] expected that dyspraxic individuals due to issues with motor coordination, spatial awareness, reaction times and multitasking[29.] would drive more slowly, position themselves less appropriately on the road, make more steering adjustments, and experience more collisions, especially under conditions with higher perceptual workload. However, while the main hypothesis was not fully supported although significant findings were found. For example, dyspraxic drivers drove slower in a scenario involving parked cars and veered toward oncoming vehicles in a scenario involving narrow apertures, suggesting poorer risk management compared to neurotypical drivers. This behaviour may be linked to difficulties in visual-motor integration, where steering is influenced by eye gaze, or to postural control issues, where dyspraxic drivers may struggle to stabilise their posture and visual information effectively.

Helping Neurodivergents Learn to Drive

I won't overplay this section as there are plenty of excellent website offering advice, perhaps the most comprehensive is: "All About Driving with Autism"[30.]. Here is my summary from this site and many more from scouring the internet:

Before Lessons

• Understand Your Needs: Identify your learning style and sensory sensitivities (e.g., light, noise).

• Find the Right Instructor: Look for someone patient and experienced with neurodivergent learners or discuss early on with your instructor your needs and agree on a plan.

• Learn Basics First: Use videos or driver books to familiarise yourself with road rules and signs.

• Simulate Driving: Practice coordination and spatial awareness with simulators or games. A 10-week program[31.] combined group sessions on executive functioning and emotion regulation with driving simulator practice for 19 autistic participants. The results from the 81% that completed the course: 100% reported satisfaction with improved attitudes, fewer driving errors, and positive driving thoughts. Afterwards, 47% obtained a driver's licence within two months.

During Lessons

• Start Small: Begin with short sessions in quiet areas, such as supermarket or Park&Ride carparks and focus on one skill at a time.

• Use Visual Aids: Mark key points on the dashboard or windshield to help with alignment on road and for manoeuvres.

• Request Clear Instructions: Ask for step-by-step guidance and confirm understanding before starting.

• Manage Overload: Take agreed breaks if it becomes overwhelming and learn to recognise the patterns when this occurs.

After Lessons

• Reflect and Practice: Review what you learned, write down key points, and practice with a trusted person.

• Track Progress: Note improvements and focus on areas needing work. No need to rush and show patience celebrating the positives when they happen.

• Seek Accommodations: Check if extra time or modified theory test conditions are available.

Managing Challenges

• Stay Focused: Use reminders to check mirrors and road signs; practice mindfulness to avoid zoning out.

• Accept Mistakes: Treat errors as learning opportunities and focus on progress.

• Consider Automatic Gearbox Cars: Reduce cognitive load by learning in an automatic if manual gear changes are overwhelming. Although as the future is electric this will become the default in time.

  
  

With patience and consistent practice, neurodivergents can become confident drivers. Celebrate each milestone as you achieve it!

Conclusion

Driving is far more than a series of physical activity—it’s a dynamic interplay of psychology, culture, and individual differences. Our behaviours behind the wheel are shaped by personality traits, perceived anonymity, and social hierarchies, as well as cognitive biases and sensory challenges.

For neurodivergent individuals, these influences are compounded by unique traits that can simultaneously pose challenges and offer strengths. While some neurodivergent drivers may struggle with impulsivity, sensory overload, or multitasking, others excel through rule-following, focus, and methodical preparation.

The dynamics of driving reveal much about human behaviour, from the way we react to provocation on the road to how societal attitudes shape our perceptions of others. Understanding the psychology behind driving is not just an academic exercise; it has real-world implications for improving road safety, fostering empathy, and creating systems that accommodate a diversity of needs.

As a parent teaching my son to drive in his Manchester United-red Fiat 500, I see the road full of challenges, lessons, and opportunities for growth. Whether it’s navigating aggression from BMW drivers or teaching the value of patience and responsibility, driving reflects the complexities of human interaction.

Ultimately, this journey highlights a universal truth: the way we drive is often a truer reflection of our self. As a neurodivergent person I have spent mot of my life navigating society by creating a mask to appear neurotypical and blend into society; hiding my quirks. It' fascinating to observe people exert such aggression inside a vehicle but by better understanding the forces that shape our actions behind the wheel, we can not only become safer drivers but also more empathetic individuals. Let’s strive for a road culture where respect, understanding, and inclusivity for all diversities can take the driver’s seat.

Bonus Extra

According to one study[32.], people who customise their cars with stickers and other adornments are more prone to road rage. In the study, the number of territory markers predicted road rage better than did vehicle value or condition. Only the number of bumper stickers, not their content, predicted road rage. Or on the other hand:

As acknowledged by the researchers, these findings were correlational (so it's possible some other factor such as "hostility" predicts both love for stickers and aggressive driving).

As a final, final addition my boss after reading my article spotted the following car bumper sticker; I'll let you decode it's meaning.

References

1. https://www.theguardian.com/science/head-quarters/2013/aug/19/driving-road-neuroscience-psychology

2. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traffic_psychology

3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_rage

4. Elena Constantinou, Georgia Panayiotou, Nikos Konstantinou, Anthi Loutsiou-Ladd, Andreas Kapardis, Risky and aggressive driving in young adults: Personality matters, Accident Analysis & Prevention, Volume 43, Issue 4,2011,Pages 1323-1331,ISSN 0001-4575, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2011.02.002.

5. https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/personality

6. https://www.directlinegroup.co.uk/en/news/brand-news/2024/020520240.html

7. https://westbridgfordwire.com/one-in-three-drivers-admit-to-splashing-pedestrians-with-puddles-survey-finds/

8. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-67892187

9. UK Government, Ministry of Transport. Accredited official statistics. Reported road casualties in Great Britain: younger driver factsheet, 2022. Published 28 September 2023.

10. Kahane, C. J. (2013, May). Injury vulnerability and effectiveness of occupant protection technologies for older occupants and women. (Report No. DOT HS 811 766). Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.

11. Caroline Criado Perez. Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men. 2019. Chatto & Windus.

12. Andrew R McGarva, Michelle Steiner, Provoked driver aggression and status: a field study, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, Volume 3, Issue 3,2000, Pages 167-179, ISSN 1369-8478, https://doi.org/10.1016/S1369-8478(00)00023-1.

13. Stephens, Amanda & Groeger, John. (2014). Following slower drivers: Lead driver status moderates driver’s anger and behavioural responses and exonerates culpability. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 22. 140–149. 10.1016/j.trf.2013.11.005.

14. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hackney_carriage

15. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxis_of_the_United_Kingdom#The_Knowledge

16. Benjamin Preston. The Rich Drive Differently, a Study Suggests. New York Times. 2013. https://archive.nytimes.com/wheels.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/08/12/the-rich-drive-differently-a-study-suggests/

17. https://fass.open.ac.uk/school-psychology-counselling/news/are-you-better-average-driver

18. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunning%E2%80%93Kruger_effect

19. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_attribution_error

20. Signing and Mark. Category: Road. Royal Society for Presentation of Accidents. 2017.

21. Chattington, Mark & Reed, Nick & Basacik, Dan & Flint, Andi & Parkes, Andrew. (2009). Investigating driver distraction: the effects of video and static advertising.

22. Fuermaier AB, Tucha L, Evans BL, Koerts J, de Waard D, Brookhuis K, Aschenbrenner S, Thome J, Lange KW, Tucha O. Driving and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Neural Transm (Vienna). 2017 Feb;124(Suppl 1):55-67. doi: 10.1007/s00702-015-1465-6. Epub 2015 Sep 29. PMID: 26419597; PMCID: PMC5281661.

23. Sheppard E, van Loon E, Ropar D. Dimensions of Self-Reported Driving Difficulty in Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults and their Relationship with Autistic Traits. J Autism Dev Disord. 2023 Jan;53(1):285-295. doi: 10.1007/s10803-021-05420-y. Epub 2022 Jan 12. PMID: 35022945; PMCID: PMC9889452.

24. Cox, N.B., Reeve, R.E., Cox, S.M. et al. Brief Report: Driving and Young Adults with ASD: Parents’ Experiences. J Autism Dev Disord 42, 2257–2262 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-012-1470-7

25. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/mar/03/autistic-people-angry-at-having-to-disclose-diagnosis-to-dvla-even-if-driving-not-affected

26. Durkin K, Toseeb U, Pickles A, Botting N, Conti-Ramsden G. Learning to drive in young adults with language impairment. Transp Res Part F Traffic Psychol Behav. 2016 Oct;42:195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.trf.2016.07.015. PMID: 27974878; PMCID: PMC5139688.

27. https://www.dyslexiauk.co.uk/dyslexia-and-learning-to-drive/

28. Gentle J, Brady D, Woodger N, Croston S, Leonard HC. Driving Skills of Individuals With and Without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD/Dyspraxia). Front Hum Neurosci. 2021 Mar 8;15:635649. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.635649. PMID: 33762916; PMCID: PMC7982471.

29. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Developmental_coordination_disorder

30. Amairani Asmad. All About Driving With Autism. https://www.neurodiverging.com/all-about-driving-with-autism/

31. A Cognitive Behavioral Intervention for Driving for Autistic Teens and Adults: A Pilot Study

    Authors: Mary J. Baker-Ericzén mbakerericzen@sdsu.edu, Lauren Smith, Anh Tran, and Kathleen ScarvieAuthors Info & Affiliations. Publication: Autism in Adulthood https://doi.org/10.1089/aut.2020.0009

32. Why you should beware cars with lots of bumper stickers. A study has shown that people who personalise cars tend to be more aggressive drivers. 02 July 2008 . Christian Jarrett.